In this lecture at the University of Bonn, we examined the theory of “non-capitalist development” in socialist scholarship during the 20th century and highlighted some concrete experiences in countries such as Mali, Congo-Brazzaville, and Afghanistan. When exploring both the successes and limitations of this strategy, we discussed how the collapse of the “socialist bloc” in 1989 and the rise of China have influenced the prospects of independent development in the former colonies today. Read more.